Adinis Oxel

By this full implementation this could help to our politicians making our places peaceful, peers group could be avoided eke gangster, sorority, and fraternity groups. For the curfew hours of minors will also effective if that could be fully implemented. By this no person below 18 years old will be in their home before night hours. They will focus on their study, making their assignment at home. Instead of wasting their time in drinking liquors, playing gambling playing billiards and computer games.Because they will not be allowing to stand by and all public places between 7:00 pm to 5:00 am. Juvenile crimes will be avoided. Fully implementation of curfew could help the public enforcer to make peace and order to the immunity. Crimes will be decreasing because if there are no minors and other people who were got drunk there will be the possibility that no one will commit a crime. And was in favor of the fully implementation of curfew hours in the reason that parents/ guardian will be h aving a peace in mind that their children are safe from any vices that could they in countered.B. What are the advantages/disadvantages of the full implementation of the above proposition? Youth is a major and growing problem, often involving both drugs and violence. By imposing curfew hours it can help to solve this problem. It is advantageous, because it keeps minor or others people in the street, and therefore out of trouble, and prevent from congregating in the hours of darkness. Curfews on minors help to protect vulnerable children for not all parents are responsible and inevitably their children.Suffer both from crime and accidents, and are likely to full into bad habits. C. How do we solve or what suggestion would you recommend to solve above proposition? I suggest that curfew hours should be fully implemented in La Trinidad, by the approval Of the municipal mayor Edna Tableland. If that could e happen the place of La Trinidad will have a peace and safety community. There are no people stands by at the public places like Tableland Park.All economic structures establishment like bars, clubs, restaurant, billiard hall, and computer shop will be closed during night time. Curfew will also provide safety precaution to the other businesses. By fully implementation of curfew hours will cause in the decreasing of crime rate in La Trinidad. There are many crime cases that the police have encountered like the case of PEP Mendoza who shot the owner of the midtown bar located at town, latrine, unguent in the reason that he was drunk.If the full implementation of curfew hours was imposed earlier that could not be happen. In socio-cultural way back in the past people the place of La Trinidad have a few number of business establishment, but when the years goes by it brought to a sociological changes. The ways of the fore father were able to evolve. As I suggest to side of educational sectors curfew hours should be imposed, to avoid minors from addiction to computers, drinking liquor, and other vices that it could affect their studies.

Women in Congress

Why do you think so few women and racial minorities have been elected to Congress? That is a question that can come with many different answers. In my opinion, I believe that there is a different reason between women and minorities for their lack of success in Congress. Both reasons involve the past, but in different ways. The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. There are 435 members in the House of the Representatives. The Senate has 100 members. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election. The main reason why women and minorities are not popular in Congress is because of descriptive representation. Descriptive representation is a belief that constituents are represented effectively by legislators who are similar to them (Challenge of Democracy). The characters that qualify are race, ethnicity, religion, or gender. That is the main factor why there are so few women and minorities in Congress. Due to the past, the demographic characteristic is a white male. As far as African American activity in government goes, a lot of progress has been made. In the past slavery kept blacks from being involved at all. They slowly made progress when they were counted as 3/5th of a person. Then they moved on to being free persons, and from then the African Americans moved on. There were many influential blacks to America. Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks were two very important people. They changed America for the better and helped African Americans advance in life. African Americans began serving in Congress during the Reconstruction Era after slaves were freed and granted citizen rights. Free black men gained political representation in the South. White Democrats took back political power and tried to return white supremacy. Legislatures lowered voting for blacks by passing tougher voter laws. As a result of the African American Civil Rights Movement, Congress passed laws to end segregation and protect civil rights and voting rights. When Congress changed the Voting Rights Acts in 1982, the states made districts that put minorities together. They thought it would make it a better chance for African Americans and Hispanics to be elected into office. They fixed the â€Å"make-up† of the districts. Women were never seen as a necessity in the business world in the past. They were not useful when it came to farming in men’s eyes. They were always needed to do the household chores and making sure the kids were being taken care of. Men believed that women were not as strong as men. It was as if they were not as important as men. Women were not allowed to vote until 1920, and before then not many women were involved in the government (Women in Congress). If you could not choose who was going to make decisions for you, why would you even be concerned? There was only one state, New Jersey, who allowed women to vote for 17 years (1790-1807). The only way they could vote was if they fit the land requirements. I believe though that the reason why there are so few women and minorities in Congress is because America is not ready to change. They are stuck on the way things were before and never trying new things. People are not willing to even give a woman the time of day, even if she has great ideas. It would be someone they brush off because women aren’t smarter than men. Minorities are not even considered an option in Congress just because of their title as a â€Å"minority†. There are a minor amount of minorities and it is hard to find the ones that are determined to better themselves in life. It is almost as if they’ve given up on trying to become an image breaker. Everyone believes in the descriptive representation and that is why minorities are not involved in the government (Congress vs. Minorities). As the years have progressed though there is one man that I must give credit to for making a huge advancement for minorities in government, Barack Obama. He had many obstacles to overcome to get there. There were many people that told him he didn’t stand a chance in the race. He was determined and he now is sitting in the office as President of the United States. Demographic groups have always been a large role in Congress. The groups consist of race, gender, ethnicity, or religion. The groups vote for people that are in the considerable same group as them. For example, if a Catholic runs against a Jew, most Catholics would vote for the Catholic. In 2050, there will be remarkably many different things going on in the world. There is a chance that a black woman will be the President. A Hispanic male might be the Speaker of the House. Global Warming could be done for, and New Orleans could possibly be submerged underwater. All possibilities of what the world could be like in 40 years. I believe that the world will have a new outlook on things and demographic groups will not exist so prevalently. I think people will be able to make decisions based on their own likings and not what their â€Å"group† is doing. People are becoming more independent in their choices in 2010, so 40 years from now the world’s mindset will be free. To support my reasoning on people being independent now is through the example of Obama winning the presidential election. I believe that people stepped out of their demographic group on their voting choice. Yes, most African Americans voted for Obama, but even the African Americans affiliated with a different religion voted for him. White people stepped out of their religion and race to vote for Obama. I still believe demographic groups will exist, just not so commonly. Those that are stuck to traditions and keeping things the way they were will still be apart of the group. They will consist of less people, but there will be enough to rock a vote. Hopefully, the demographic groups will just completely wipe out and let people use their minds. I want Americans to be able to make their own decisions. The reason why there are so few women and minorities in Congress has to do with choices made my Americans. African Americans that want to run for a position in Congress probably find it pointless due to the demographic groups. They feel that they shouldn’t waste their time since they already know the outcome especially if they run against a white male. Hopefully having Obama in office will give other minorities and women incentive to pursue their dream to be involved in the government. The entire controversy will continue for years though. These have just been my personal opinion mixed in with facts. The ideas for the future I have are very well thought out, and I hope to see the progress in the future. If African Americans can go from being slaves to running the United States; I think it is more than possible for people to become more independent in their own thoughts and decisions.

The Summary of African Queen Movie Applying Thomas Fosters Terms Review

The Summary of African Queen Applying Thomas Fosters Terms - Movie Review Example Charlie’s coarse behavior is intolerable, though the Sayers tolerate it in a rather stiff manner. Charlies’ behavior is considered to be a little too rough and that edges around their proper Christian and British sensibilities. My Allnut’s heavy drinking habit is regard as problematic by the Sayers (Huston and John, p. 234). Charlie warns them about the oncoming World War I which broke out between Britain and Germany. The Sayers opt to continue staying in East Africa, only to witness the Sudanese Soldiers (In East Africa) led by the Germans touch their mission village and flee the villagers. The Germans believes that this is the only way to control the natives and train them to offer military services. Due to the raiding on the village and burning of the village houses, Reverend Sayer experienced a serious shock and delirious with fever after watching what the Germans did and later passed away. Mr. Allnut returns shortly after the raid. He is informed that the Reverend has passed on and they then bury him. Mr. Allnut soon helps Sister Sayer escape from the ravaged Germans by boarding the African Queen. The ravaged missionary compound is left bare, and no person is left in the compound. Along the way, Mr. Allnut mentions to Sister Sayer how the German have a gunboat (Queen Luise) which monitors and contro l a large water body downriver where they effectively block themselves from any British attack.

Preservation of Organs for Transplant Research Paper

Preservation of Organs for Transplant - Research Paper Example This paper seeks to analyze history of organ transplant, what happens to blood flow and metabolism; the length of time the tissue is available for transplant, size of the tissue in relation to efficacy of the methods of preservation, energy balance at the tissue/organ surface and how this may appropriate particular method, and the methods that are used in conjunction with hypothermia. Introduction Organ transplant is the effective therapy for end-state organ failure which primarily depends on the supply of organs of high quality and efficacy. It was developed in 1960’s based on the functional knowledge by anatomists and physiologists on the requirements of to keep body organs viable and functioning outside the body. Organ preservation on the other hand acts as a logistic aspect to enable conducting of laboratory tests and organization of other clinical activities before the actual transplant (Toledo-Pereyra, 3). Organ preservation simply calls for slowing biological deteriorat ion in organs removed from their normal physiological environment necessitating advancement of methods and approaches to achieve the process. Methods Cooling: This involves reduction of temperatures to inhibit cellular metabolism and requirements for oxygen in a bid to prevent tissue injury. The organs are preserved in a specific solution which in most cases prevent the molecular, cell and tissue changes in a bid to prevent oxidative stress and inflammation/cytokine production which would affect the conditions of the tissue. Hypothermic Machine Perfusion [HMP]: this method depends on activating residual metabolism which greatly relies on energy generation synonymous with the mammalian need for oxygen supply for aerobic metabolism through vascular perfusion. Simple Static cold storage [SCS]: It is associated with preservation for livers, lungs, pancreas or heart with a basic concept of cooling supplemented with use of special preservation solutions aimed at modifying inevitable cellu lar molecular changes. Discussion In cooling, blood flow and metabolism are suppressed so as to inhibit uncontrolled cellular/ molecular growth before the transplant. This elongates viability of the tissue/organ with respect to time by â€Å"chilling of organs† making it the widely used approach in the preservation history. The efficacy of this method depends on the size of the tissue/organ which dictates the maximum time that it can be preserved before the transplant. The energy balance is based on the mitochondrial dysfunction by disrupting its membrane permeability allowing accumulation of calcium, sodium and water within the cell which in turn inhibits uncontrolled growth/destruction of the tissue. HMP on the other hand involves a non-pulsatile blood flow coupled with low/minimal oxygen supply and low temperatures to inhibit metabolic changes of energetic substrates. Uniform myocardium cooling and constant supply of needed metabolic substances, facilitates early post-stor age capacity a method that necessitates HMP in the liver transplant. Energy balance on this method relies on the balance of oxygen supply and the aeration of perfusates and the preservation solutions (Hornick and Marlene, 3). SCS involves much of the HMP procedures but differs with the concentration of chilled solutions and

BULE Homework 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BULE Homework 3 - Assignment Example In matters regarding stock, the S corporation entity would cause the business to enjoy an ability to reach out to latent investors using their stock. Taking this course is beneficial in that expansion becomes a possibility due to the support by money raised from stock issuance. This is an advantage that would be availed in case the cup cake bakery takes the form of Limited Liability Company or sole proprietorship, which lack the capacity to enjoy stock-related benefits. Notably, choosing the S corporation entity would assure the owner of the cup cake bakery of longevity. This is usually the best choice when the owner of the business has in mind long term goals such as creating a perpetual business for subsequent generations. It is a great advantage worth of considering because continuity is assured in case of unexpected incidences such as death unlike in sole proprietorship (Riddle, Butts, and Akiens 5). More importantly, choosing the S corporation entity would be immensely advantage ous because operating within such an entity helps minimize expenses. Summarily, this type of entity excludes owners from paying employment related taxes on a firm’s net revenue. On the other hand, shareholders employed by the cup cake bakery would pay such taxes. What should I name my business? Naming a business can be a stressing ordeal, especially without proper information. For a cup cake bakery, the most suitable name would have to appeal to the customer. In order to ensure that the need for appeal is met, the most suitable name would be ‘Delicious cup cakes’. The use of the word delicious is important in this case, because it appeals to the appetite of individuals who are already like cup cakes. In addition, the word appeals to those who may have never taken cup cakes as well as individuals who take a cup cake occasionally. Additionally, it is a simple name for children. This can work wonders among children because ‘delicious’ is not only appeal ing but also interesting and likely to stick in children’s minds. It is a wonderful name, especially when situating the business in a family neighborhood targeting children and teens. In picking the above name, what made you pick that name and what steps should take when choosing that name? The name ‘delicious cup cakes’ is most preferred because of its simplicity and ability to appeal to appetite. The choice of this name is also based on the basic reason behind customer preference of cup cakes over other baked foodstuffs like bread (Riddle, Butts, and Akiens 11). The bottom line is that people opt for cup cakes because they are deliciously prepared thus the name would trigger unplanned purchasing of the products offered. More importantly, the bakery will offer various types of cup cakes hence using the word delicious helps describe and summarize the varieties on offer. While picking up the name for the bakery, the following steps were necessary. A careful consid eration of other competitive names in the line of business Consideration of the fact that the business captures both shop-related and bakery operations The fact that the business is intended to run for as many years as possible eliminated the use of a personal name A consideration of th

Evil And Angel Nature Of Human Being Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Evil And Angel Nature Of Human Being - Essay Example The prominent characteristics are identified by the environment in which an individual is nurtured. Nevertheless sometimes nature takes over the nurture but it happens seldom. The most observed and admitted phenomenon is stated by the impact of after birth growth, environment and nurture. This clearly implies the fact that both of the paths are primarily inducted in human nature but the prominent one is influenced through his or her worldly learning (Nietzsche and Faber, 1998). It can be deduced that human beings are not bad from their core; rather they are created by inducting good nature among them. Scientific Arguments In lieu of asking the least fundamental question of searching the fact about the nature of newborn babies, it is exemplified that the mind of a baby has been just similar to an empty showcase. In the empty showcase, the baby will retain the things which will be gifted to him or her in the new world. However it is medically proven that babies take the influence of th e outer world before even the mother gives birth to him. Human children get direct influence from the nature of parents, grandparents, outer environment and from the mood of their mother when they are inside their mothers’ bellies. The study of human genetics reveals the fact from the study of DNA and genes. However it might also go opposite as well because it all depends over the strength of influential factors on pre birth child psychology (Ridley, 2003). Motivation behind Evil Acts Human children are as wonderful creature as they have least cultural influence at the time of birth however it goes embossed with the passage of time. Local experimental research had been conducted by the scholars of Yale University. The results explained that kids of little ages also have a comparative sense of good or bad and they are aware to prefer good over bad. However this is the part of learning which is taught to them. Still the question of evil doings arises as many of people in this w orld indulge in evil conducts by knowing the consequences and poisonous upshots. There might be two reasons of continuing evil conducts which are empirically examined and proven i.e., Consequences are not directly linked to harm their interests second, they are enforced to continue what they have been doing because the consequences are significant enough to harm them sufficiently. It is seldom observed that people continue bad doings while they were unknown as they are used to do well usually. Mostly this case is observed with younger beings or in religious or legal matters on the basis of lack of related knowledge (Stafford, 2013). What Makes a Man Evil? There are several psychological factors as well which are enough significant to change the behavior of an individual. For instance jealousy is a factor which further turns into revenge and conspiracy sort of evil in the society. In today’s modern and contemporary environment, everybody struggles to run faster in the race of social class, fashion, income and knowledge. Jealousy is the least damaging stage of social evils for example, after seeing someone wearing an expensive wrist watch you suddenly think, â€Å"would that it was mine† (Nietzsche and Faber, 1998). This further makes you urged to find some way in order to be able to buy such an expensive range of routine wear accessories. To make life style better and compete with others, several people ignore the limitations of good and bad. This implies that people are not naturally wrong or bad but some stimulus can make them inclined towards the wrong conducts. Most of the time these wrong conducts are backed by heavy rewards for example, a person reveals organizational secrets to any third party or rival in order to get money from them. Similarly

A Self-Sustained Enclosed Ecosystem in a Jar Lab Report

A Self-Sustained Enclosed Ecosystem in a Jar - Lab Report Example An ecosystem can be describe as the dynamic biological environment that consist of living things in a specific region, abiotic , and environment physical components that interact with the organisms such as sunlight, air (oxygen and carbon dioxide), water, and soil (Hutchinson, 2005). Every ecosystem requires the three basic components that include producers, consumers, and decomposers. The three categories of ecosystem include freshwater, terrestrial, and oceanic ecosystems (Adams, 2001, pp. 33-44). Generally, the ecosystems are divided into main categories that are aquatic (freshwater and ocean) and terrestrial. However, the report focuses on the aquatic ecosystem. The system that the project created was an aquatic ecosystem (freshwater) that was supposed to meet the specific environmental factors to support the living organisms internally (self-sustaining and supporting). Aquatic ecosystems are defined as the ecosystems that are dependent on fresh water, which include rivers, estuaries, wetlands, and streams (Barbee, n.d.). According to Ecology Society of America, the aquatic systems shelter various organisms that are dependent on them. Aquatic systems factors are categorized into abiotic factors and biotic factors. Abiotic factors refer to the non-living components in an ecosystem that have a direct influence on the living organisms community. On the other hand, biotic factors refer to the diversified species that occupy an ecosystem where every specie action can affect the lives of other species in the region. In the aquatic system, the interactions of organisms are based on aquatic environment (Baron & Poff, 2010, p. 7). Consequently, the understanding of aquatic component such as the balance of oxygen in the water, pH, and light contributes to the creation of a successful self-sustained aquatic system. Shrimps in aquatic systems have a substantial effect on other living organisms in a similar ecosystem. The pH of about 6.5-8.0 and balanced oxygen is suitable for maintaining freshwater ecosystem (Bunn & Arthington, 2002, pp. 492--507). Remarkably, a main manner that living organisms affect each other is consumption. As a result, a food web develops among living organisms living in a same aquatic ecosystem (Sala, 2000). Aims and hypothesi s Aims The aim of the experiment was to create a self-sustaining freshwater ecosyste m. The experiment was focused in introducing the student on how to utilize the available resources in correct amounts to create a

Energy Drinks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Energy Drinks - Essay Example Energy drinks contains caffeine which provides stamina and increases the physical performance to the consumers. In natural form, caffeine is a bitter tasting drug but most of the energy drinks are processed to cover the bitter taste. Caffeine is contained in drinks like chocolate, coffee, tea and many other soft drinks, it also found in many over the counter medications especially the painkillers. Caffeine is usually eliminated from the body very rapidly though its effects may last for about six hours. Caffeine and other ingredients of energy drinks stimulate the central nervous system thereby improving the metabolic reactions of the body, hence they are used recreationally and medically to restore mental awareness. When the central nervous system is stimulated, the brain tends to function faster due to improved flow of thought, increased alertness and better coordination of the body and in excess the effects flow to the spinal cord (Han et al 2007, 499). The energy drinks has several other ingredients that include taurine and glucuronolactone apart from caffeine. Taurine is a type of an amino acid that is found naturally in the human body and is a very important building block for proteins. Many people rely on energy drinks to replace the lost taurine, as in taurine is lost in times of stress in small amounts leading to some sort of deficiency (Craig & Stitzel 2008, 219). The taurine amino acids are believed to be antitoxic substances that cleanse the body of harmful substances. Glucuronolactone is carbohydrate metabolite that also occurs naturally in the body though it can be synthesized artificially, it provides instant energy boost since it's a carbohydrate formed from glucose catabolism and its also believed to cleanse the body of harmful substances. The body's homeostasis system is designed to maintain constancy in the body, upon consumption of caffeine; the body reacts to it to try and neutralize the effects of the caffeine through the process termed metabolism or catabolism to be precise. Caffeine is totally absorbed in the stomach and the small intestines within the first thirty minutes after ingestion. Following absorption, caffeine is metabolized into three compounds; theobromine, paraxanthine and theophyline with the latter constituting the smaller percentage while paraxanthine comprising the largest percentage about 84% (Craig & Stitzel 2008, 223). Metabolism takes place in the liver with the use of enzyme system called cytochrome P450 oxidase; paraxathine breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol in a process called lipolysis, theobromine is alkaloid that is also a vasodilator and therefore dilates blood vessels and hence increases urine formation, and thoephylline is a smooth muscle relaxant and a diuretic (Craig & Stitzel 2008, 226). The three compounds are further metabolized before excretion. For the body to get rid of the foreign particles in the body, caffeine and its by-products have to be eliminated and are usually excreted following the

Social, Moral and Cultural Effects of Introducing ICT to a System Essay Example for Free

Social, Moral and Cultural Effects of Introducing ICT to a System Essay When ICT is introduced to a workplace, there is bound to be several changes in and around that workplace. ICT is such a powerful tool that businesses can take advantage of and use to help them but it does have its effects, some good, and some bad. Three of the main effects the introduction of ICT will definitely have are new jobs being created, old ones being modified and possibly jobs lost. To keep the ICT system running efficiently in a workplace it takes time and effort of the workers. technicians and programmers will be used to set up the system and get it functioning. It takes time to get all the components of a system together and network computers if that is what you require. Exactly what the technicians and programmers will do depends on what you want the system to do. Different computers will be used for different jobs just as different printers can be effective for different tasks. Once the hardware of the system is all set up and ready to go, the programmers will move in. It will be their job to install an OS (Operating System) on the computers and program any specific applications they may require (this could just be creating a database in Microsoft Access). Once this is all complete, the computers are ready to be managed by System Administrators, Network Managers and Systems Analyst who will keep the system going and may rely on the knowledge of technicians if any major problems or errors may occur. All of the above jobs will need to be filled in order for your system to function to a high standard. You may find that one of your current employees knows how to set up a network and the software you require, and if so their job will change. Changes in peoples jobs and day-to-day tasks will differ with the introduction of ICT. Now that ICT is used they will do the same job, but they may well have to go about doing it differently. For example, if a worker in a library stores the data on cards and places it in a filing cabinet in order when someone wants to borrow a book they would do the same job if they had a computer in front of them. However, they might have to access a database and instead enter the data in there, rather than the slow tedious filing cabinets. This would apply to lots of jobs in offices; receptionists, typists and secretaries would now type up and organize meetings on their computer using calendar software and DTP software such as Microsoft Word. This would also make errors in their job less likely due to spell check. However, not all companies want to pay for the training that they would have to give their staff in order for them to be able to use the system and its software. Some of them may have not ever used a computer before, and it can be very difficult and expensive to train staff who have no past experience with their software. Some jobs will always require training; especially if you are using personalized software that was created for your business only. These days, software such as Microsoft Word tends to be quite common to people and this will know the basics of how to operate it as computers become more popular. Staff who previously had jobs in accountancy and added up figures or wrote personalized letters to members of leisure centre or library may lose their jobs. It would be easier for the company to bring in new typists or accountants who are already trained with the software they would be using, and are familiar with computers. If the company can bring in people with past experience they are likely to chose that route rather than pay for members of staff unfamiliar with the software to be trained in it.

Materials of Logistics in Management Essay Example for Free

Materials of Logistics in Management Essay The efficiency of any manufacturing organisation depends on the availability of component parts and materials in the proper quantity, quality, price, range and time. Failure in any of these areas increases costs and decreases profit as certainly as outmoded production methods or ineffective selling techniques. This simple but obvious point has only recently come to be properly understood. This book presents the principles, methods and strategies that represent the modern approach to materials management in all sectors of the economy. In analysing business operations, the phrase Value-added concept1 is often used to characterise the difference between the cost of component materials and the selling price of the finished product. This difference in value represents the unique contribution of each organisation to the production process. Many companies produce component parts and materials for other firms manufacturing specialised products Remanded by the customers. On an average, a manufacturing firm buys slightly more than half of the rupee value of its sales. In other words, the value added is typically less than 50 per cent of its sales. Conversely, the average company purchases materials valued at more than half of what it sells. Therefore, a firms profit is to a large extent determined by how effectively it procures and manages these materials. The organisational approach known as materials management has gained validity in recent years. Production and operations managers found it necessary to develop an organised body of knowledge related to planning, acquisition and utilisation of materials in the process of production and it has resulted in the discipline known as mate-rials management. All activities involved in bringing materials into and through the plant are combined under one head known as materials manager. By giving the materials manager overall authority, responsibility is centralised to assure that the overall cost of materials is kept at the lowest possible level. The basic rationale for this organisational change is to overcome the problems of conflicting objectives. For cample, purchase departments concern to ensure continuous supply of component materials may conflict with he inventory control departments objective to minimise inventory levels or the objective of shipping in full car load lots. Today organisations view procurement as a professional activity including activities involved in obtaining materials at minimum cost, transporting them and providing storage and moving toward the production process. It also includes economic analysis of supply (i. e. , purchase economics), demand and prices and the assessment of international events that affect materials. * evolution of materials management Historically, the five ‘M’s of manufacturing firms viz. Men, Materials, Machines, Money and Methods have shifted their positions from time to time in their relative importance. In the early days of industrialization, the focus was on men (labour) as they were the main source of productive power. Over a period of time, the emphasis shifted towards machines, which became the main source of industrial power after the Industrial Revolution. As the methods of production became more and more complex due to the increased customer demand for sophisticated products of high quality, there was greater need of efficient management to manage the complex production systems. In the early 1920s, purchasing and maintaining stock of materials was the responsibility of purchasing managers or chief controllers of purchasing and stores in many industries. During and immediately after World War II the focus shifted on various functions associated with materials such as purchasing, receiving, inspecting, storing, preserving, handling, issuing, accounting, transporting and disposing surplus and obsolete materials. These functions grouped under one common head known as materials manager and the department responsible for all these activities came to be known as materials management department. But the head of materials management department performed a staff function to support the production department and had to report to the production head (director of production) in the organizational hierarchy. The oil crisis of the 1970s changed the priorities of industries all over the world. The exorbitant hike in oil prices and the heavy budget allocations on oil made the industries to control their expenditure on the inputs, mainly materials of all kinds because of the large scope to reduce the expenses on materials. Since the beginning of 20th century, materials have been getting more and more attention and will continue to do so in the future also. Now a days material has* become an important and inevitable input of a production system since the cost of materials and cost on materials (cost incurred in purchasing and storing the materials) put together account for 50 to 85% of the production cost depending on the nature of the product and the type of the production system. Modern manufacturing organisations adopted systems approach to management, which resulted in the integrated materials management concept. All functions related to materials such as materials planning, purchasing, storing and inventory control were integrated under materials management function. The position of the head of the integrated materials management department was elevated to be on par with heads of other functional areas viz. production, finance and human resources. * importance of materials in manufacturing organisations Materials are any commodities used directly or indirectly in producing a product or service such as raw materials, component parts, assemblies and supplies. In the manufacturing organisations, the important inputs are referred to as 5 Ms viz. Men (Labour), Machines, Money, Materials and Methods. The relative importance among these five Ms have shifted from time to time. In the beginning of industrialisation the focus was on machines, men (labour) and methods, but from around 1970 onwards the emphasis is on materials. Material is an important and inevitable input gi J production system since the cost of materials and cost on materials (cost incurred in purchasing and storing the materials) put together account for 50 to 85* of the production cost depending on the nature of the product and the type of the production system * importance of materials management Management of materials in most organisations is crucial to their success because the cost of purchasing, storing, moving and shipping materials account for over half of the products cost. Improving productivity is a crucial factor in facing the challenge of competition and this involves driving down the cost of all aspects of business activities. Since there is maximum scope of cost reduction in the area of materials, doing the job of efficient and effective management of materials is seen as the key to higher productivity.